අධ්‍යාපනය රැකියාව හා කුසලතා

අප පාසල් අවදියේ සිට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබයි 1 වසරේ සිට 13 වසර දක්වා විවිධ අවධි පසුකරමින් ඉගෙනුම ලබයි. 11 වසර අ.පො.ස. සාමාන්‍ය පෙල විභාගයට පෙනීසිට එයින් සමත්වු පසු කලා, වානිජ, විද්‍යා වැනි විවිධ විශය ධාරා තෝරා ගනී. මෙම තෝරා ගැනීමේදී ඔබ සලකා බලන්නේ කුමක්ද? ඔබ බොහෝවිට ඔබගේ අ.පො.ස සාමාන්‍ය පෙල විභාගයේ ලකුණූ මත එම තෝරා ගැනීම කරයි. ඔබට බෙහෝවිට එම විශය ධාරාවන් වල කොතරම් දක්ශතා දැක්විය හැකි ද යන්න නොසලකා හරී.

විවිධ මිනිසුන් විවිධ විශයන් වලට දක්ෂතා දක්වයි. ලොවෙන් එකෙක් එක් දේකට වෙයි සමත යැයි පවසන්නේ ඒ බැවිනි. තමන් දක්ෂතා දක්වන විශය අතහැර අ.පො.ස. සාමාන්‍ය පෙල විභාගයේ ලකුනු මත විශය ධාරා තෝරාගත් විට ඔබට එම විශයන් නිතතින්ම නීරස වෙයි. ඉගෙනීමට අපහසුවෙයි. එබැවින් ඔබ උගෙන ගත යුත්තේ තමන් දක්ෂතා දක්වන විශය ධාරාවය.

කෙසේ හෝ ඔබ අධ්‍යාපනය හමාර කර රැකියාවක් කිරීමට බලාපෙරොත්තු වෙයි. ඔබ රැකියාවක් තෝරාගනී බෙහෝවිට එය වැටුප පදනම්කරගෙන කරන කාර්යයකි. නමුත් රැකියාවක් කිරීමේදි විවිධ කුසලතාවයන් අවශ්‍යවේ. ඔබට එම රැකියාව සඳහා අවශ්‍ය කුසලතාවයන් නොමැතිනමි එම රැකියාව කිරීමේදි විවිධ ගැටළු වලට මුහුන දීමට සිදුවෙයි.

තවද ඔබ කොතෙක් එම රැකියාව සදහා අවශ්‍ය කරන අධ්‍යාපන සුදුසු කම් ලබාගත්තද ඒවා මගින් අවශ්‍ය කුසලතාවයන් ලබා නොදේ එබැවින් ඒවායින්ද ඔබට හරි ප්‍රයෝජනයක් ගත නොහැකිවේ. එබැවින් තමන් කලයුත්තේ තමන්ගේ කුසලතාවන් වලට සරිලන රැකියාවකි. එවැනි කුසලතාවයට සරිලන රැකියාවකට අදාලව අද්‍යාපනය ලැබූවිට ඔබගේ හැකියාවන් වඩවඩාත් ඔපමටිටම්වේ. එවිට ඔබට දීර්ග කාලයක් එම ශ්‍රේත්‍රයේ පැවත්මක් අැති අතර පසුකාලයේදී එහි නිපුනයෙක් ලෙස (Expert) කටයුතු කිරීමට හැකියාව ලැබෙනු ඇත.

මිනිසුන් ගේ හැකියාවන් විවිධාකාර වෙයි. සමහරු සමාජීය අන්තර් සම්බන්දතා ඇතිකරගැනීමට දක්ශතාදක්වයි. එවැනි අය  අලවි (Marketing) වැනි ශ්‍රේත්‍රවල තමන්ගේ හැකියාවන් පෙන්වනු ලබයි. එමෙන්ම ජිවිතයේ තාර්කික ලෙස සිතන මිනිසුන් ඉන්ජිනේරු/දර්ශනය වැනි ශ්‍රේත්‍රවල දක්ශතා දක්වයි. එලෙස විවිධ හැකියාවන් ඇති මිනිසුන් විවිධ ශ්‍රේත්‍ර වල දක්ශතා පෙන්වයි. 

මිනිස් මොලයේ විවිධ ප්‍රදේශ මගින් විවිධ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් පාලනය කරයි. එක් ප්‍රදේශයක් මගින් ඔබ සමාජීය අන්තර් සම්බන්දතා ගොඩනැගීම සිදුකරයි. එය වර්ධනය වීඇති අය ඉතා පහසුවනේ සමාජීය අන්තර් සමිබන්දතා ඇති කර ගනී. තව කොටසකින් තර්කනය පාලනය කරනු ලබයි එය වර්දනය වු මිනිසුන් තාර්කිකය. තව කොටසක් මගින් භාශාව වැනිදේ පාලනය කරයි. එය වර්ධනය වූ අය භාශාව චතුර ලෙස හසුරවයි. එලෙස විවිද කොටස් වර්ධනය වීම මත ඔබගේ් චරිතයද ඔබගේ කුසලතාවයන් ද තිරනය වෙයි.

තමන්ගේ දක්ෂතා වලට අනුව අද්‍යාපනය සකස්කල විට ඔබ ඉතා පහසුවෙන් එම ශ්‍රේත්‍රය ජය ගනී. එසේ නොමැති උවහොත් ඔබ ඉතා විශාල ප්‍රශ්නවලට මුහුන පානු ඇත. එබැවින් ඔබ ඔබගේ අධ්‍යාපනයද රැකියාවද තෝරාගතයුතු වන්නේ ඔබගේ කුසලතාවයන් අනුවයි.

Software how it's done

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Professional Vs Academic Qualifications

Academic Qualifications

As it sounds it involve academic education you will learn theories and how they are implemented all the nuts and bolts of the thing all mathematical equations and hard science behind it. Go to in-depth of the things explain all details of how things are for example if you are following computer and need to learn in-depth of everything computer science is what you need it is an academic degree which will tell all the aspect of computer and mathematics behind it and  how they were implemented. It’s all theoretical base and you will learn all the theory around subject making your path to progress as computer scientist, Lecturer or Professor. 

Professional Qualifications

As it sounds professional qualification involve professions they teach someone to be good at some professions so it is more practical and less theoretical you will learn all the practical aspect of the subject in related to computers IT is a professional qualification you will learn how to configure stuff how to engineer software and all technical stuff related to doing a professional job output of these will be professionals in many fields software engineers, network engineers, database administrators, network administrators, etc… professional qualifications is more of practical base so if you have a degree with 4 years it is treated as 4 years’ experience on the field

Many course that offers by the universities are mostly academic like computer science, Accounting, Management, HR they cover all the theories less practical base and the courses like CIMA, Charted, CIM, IT are professional qualifications that trains you for the jobs of that field so the people who does a professional qualification know what they will face when doing a job since they had expose to problems before hand hence preforms well.

they are professional Qualifications so you can add them to your name like "your name" BSc in IT you can add "Your Name" CCNA, MCSD etc...

there are more professional qualifications coming out like CISCO Certifications, Microsoft Certifications, Sun Java Certifications all gives you a certificate that tells you are a professional at that field. Most of these are online and you have to score about 80% of the marks to pass. You are ether pass or failed that is ether you know it well or you don't so they will give you a certificate, if you pass telling you are a professional at that

Professional Certification Programs:
Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer (MCSD)
Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE)
CISCO Certification
ORCLE Certifications
JAVA SE Certification
NET+ Certification
A+ Certification
Red Hat Certfied Engineer(RHCE)
CIMA

why two people get 2 results while preforming a task?

As humans we are not the same. we have our strength and weaknesses. my strength is different from you and your strength is different form mine. so we become two different entities not the same. Strength can be physical the ability to lift things, mental ability to grasp and understand things or social to ability to communicate with people and convince them or make them work for you. There are many strength people have and if I scale each of them as set of 1 to 100 they will fall in to all the range. some are naturally better at something’s while others are not. you may see marketing executives selling things they are not people with degrees but preform their task well. they are vary talkative and can sell anything to anyone. It is an ability a group of people possess. Ability’s like this cannot be learn at class rooms they are practical in nature and practice is the only way of getting perfect. so even you do your masters on marketing you may not be as good as them, if you does not possess the right abilities. It is the thing that makes who we are. what makes us unique. so if you give a same task to two individuals with same education background the way they perform the task will be defendant to each other even they are with same education background. one will do it better than the other. For some there will be no clue what so ever to some task, while others do it easily it is the abilities that make them do it. the one that has more suited abilities to do that task perform well while one that lac it do poorly

if you are a labor you will require more of physical strength but less mental strength since all your task belong to work with lifting things. If you are an engineer like software engineer you will require more of mental strength since task you handle is more of thinking and understanding whats going on, analyzing problems and also you must be a quick learner to learn new things which all comes under mental strength, if you are a marketing executive you need lot of social strength you should be able to convince people of products that you sell so they will buy it. if you are a manager you need lot of social strength since you need to make your employee do what you need and fair amount of mental strength since some of your task require thinking. analyzing situations and giving solutions.

That is why when selecting candidates for your company you do practical base analysis of their abilities to find out how well they will perform in their duties because education is not a measurement of performance it is rather a measurement of knowledge and knowledge alone cannot do tasks well.

so most of the time the person you recruit is not some one well educated, but some one possess right ability to that job. since you can easily give courses like CIMA or any marketing or engineering to a recruited person so they will be educated and will preform even better. but if recruited a person with just education an no talents you cannot teach that person talents and he will not preform well so most of the companies when they see a talented person they give him courses and educate him on that aria and give necessary promotions so that person will be an asset to the company. if you have done some sport like cricket or basket ball then you are a good team player. so you will know how to work within a team and not make problems with other team members. if you have win all island essay competitions you most likely are a creative person you have creativity. if you are an chess player and has win competitions you are statistic person who can think and most suitable for that tasks so they will choose you accordingly.

unfortunately the only organization that held back of this process is the government sector since they believe every person is equal and education makes them better so you only need bunch of paper qualification to their jobs just do your masters and PhDs and apply, you need not have any talents. they will recruit you and for work well since you are well educated they will buy what ever the lies you tell them.

What is AI (Artificial Intelligence)?

Giving the ability for computer to think is called AI, it is decision making based on data you have. If you have enough data you can tell a computer to make some decision as you would, it is allowing computer to think like a human or mimic how humans think.

The story goes way back when once in a meeting of experts one young man suggest what if we let computer’s think. everyone laugh at this idea of course, then the man explained what is thinking we try something out if it works we remember it and every time we see it happening we try that since it works and if we fails we do not try that any more

This concept let to the development of artificial intelligence software of course they are software that mimic or do the behavior like humans search through their database to see if any pattern fit in the scenario if it does it try it out if not it does not

Surprisingly the game you know well about "the chess", computer plays the same way, it knows all the rules and it plays with you like a noob and try to win. Every time it wins the moves are remembered and   next time it try to match that moves with you and try to find a wining position. When you do this or play chess with computer for lot of times it eventually will get better and beat you, and you will no longer will able to win.

AI in real world has taken many steps now facial recognition system, text to speech, and speech to text and there are many more. most of these system works on algorithm that given to them the use that to find out the task. there are other things like neural networks and genetic algorithm which you can train to do a task or set a goal and let the computer find a solution. neural network is model after neuron function of the brain. it makes artificial neurons and try to achieve a same functionality as them using some mathematical formulas so it will mimic the behavior of the brain but to complete  modeling a human brain is yet to be achieved since it takes lot of them and research current technology could not yet achieve it.

So that is how the AI was made, it learn by experience, it is mimicking the behavior of humans and try to do what is right?

Binary Arithmatics

My Fun Games

Some Games I have developed for your entertainment
My Pet Dragon

Simple AI
A simple AI try to query it with what,who, how many, can,do, like "what is cat", "how many legs cat has","can cat fly","who can fly","do cat eat". if you need to teach the AI some thing type learn and you will put it in learning mode and then type like "dog can run", or "birds can fly" teach it what ever and use it to query it, if you want to remove any thing from the knowledge base type "remove" and then type what you want to remove eg. "remove rat can fly" this program has ability to answer if it is in a chain that is if Mammal eat food you do not have to tell dog eat food you only have to tell it that dog is a mammal and it will search in chain and say since dog is a mammal and mammal eat food then dog eat food too
Dragon Hunt

Tank Battle

Logic Bench
a logic bench that you can build logic circuits just click on logic gate and then drag it to get your logic gate. right click the logic gate choose in for gate where the data will go in and select the gate that you need to connect to it and select out then choose connect 1 or connect 2 to connect it to one of the connections. and do this to all your gates and you will complete the logic circus.

Mighty Max

My Text
singhala typing software (singlish) install FM Abhay font to your machine. and then type.
Dos Is Fun
a programme that let you run dos command remotely set up your client and server when ask for firewall bypass say ok and you are set up to run dos command on your pc remotely

Movies How its Done?

with evaluation of computers, the movies that run on theater came to them as that can be stored in a hard disk. Hows this possible? What makes a movie run on computer. The  truth is movies run as same way as theater. theaters use sequence of images to run one after another so it will give an illusion as continuous thing. See our eye can only process data coming from 1/10 of a second, so anything less you will not find as 2 but a continuation of first i.e. if some pictures changes in 1/5 of a second you will see that it changes, but if it change in 1/24 the of a second you will see as continue animation. So we can trick the eye to believe it is real this is because fastest speed of our neuron take 1/10 of time to communicate so to send an image from eye to brain and process it will take more than 1/10 seconds of time and any thing coming between this to eye, we will not see and when second image comes and if it is moved slightly the brain will fill the gaps and let us see as it is moving or animated.

so if we show our brain image in every 1/24 th of a second we will see it as animated. So in computer where is the images comes from. As you know we can store images as series of pixels and can have array of these series of pixels stack one after the other. giving us a series of images one after the other. and player is able to call them in a given rate and draw them to display like 1/24 th of a second so we will see a series of images in front of us and our brain will think it is continues and let us see the movie.

it will take a lot of space to keep a movie in row form, since it is a series of image so compression is done. some of the images are removed and images also get compressed like you know in jpg or gif so it will reduce the size of the movie dramatically. With this quality also degraded but we get to see a nice movie.

for instance a movie on 1 hour will take 60X60 seconds and that is 60X60X24 frames. If it runs 24 images for seconds (which is called frame rate) and if the size of the image, that is width and height of the movie is 800X600 i.e. 800 pixels wide and 600 pixels in hight, then it will take 800X600X3 number of bytes since each pixel take 3 bytes to represent the colors RGB one for red one for Green one for Blue so to store whole movie it will take 60X60X24X800X600X3 bytes i.e. 124416000000 bytes or 115GB which is not the best to store in hard disks so it is compressed to something like 1.5 GB to save space. by methods like MPEG4

Bridge network Server 2012 r2

Bridge Network Windows 2012

How to Bridge and configer

How to bridge windows 2008 Server

Enable and Configure NAT

Applies To: Windows Server 2008 R2

Network address translation (NAT) allows you to share a connection to the public Internet through a single interface with a single public IP address. The computers on the private network use private, non-routable addresses. NAT maps the private addresses to the public address.

Membership in the local Administrators group, or equivalent, is the minimum required to complete this procedure.

To enable network address translation addressing

1. In the RRAS MMC snap-in, expand Your Server Name. If you are using Server Manager, expand Routing and Remote Access.
2. Expand IPv4, right-click NAT, and then click Properties.
3. If you do not have a DHCP server on the private network, then you can use the RRAS server to respond to DHCP address requests. To do this, on the Address Assignmenttab, select the Automatically assign IP addresses by using the DHCP allocator check box.
4. To allocate addresses to clients on the private network by acting as a DHCP server, in IP address and Mask, configure a subnet address from which the addresses are assigned. For example, if you enter 192.168.0.0 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, then the RRAS server responds to DHCP requests with address assignments from 192.168.0.1 through 192.168.0.254.
5. (Optional) To exclude addresses in the configured network range from being assigned to DHCP clients on the private network, click Exclude, click Add, and then configure the addresses.
6. To add the public interface to the NAT configuration, right-click NAT, and then click New Interface. Select the interface connected to the public network, and then clickOK.
7. On the NAT tab, click Public interface connected to the Internet and Enable NAT on this interface, and then click OK.
8. If you want to add additional public addresses assigned to this interface or configure service and port mappings to computers on the private network, see IPv4 - NAT - Interface - Properties Page.
9. To add the private interface to the NAT configuration, right-click NAT, and then click New Interface. Select the interface connected to the private network, and then clickOK.
10. On the NAT tab, click Private interface connected to private network, and then click OK.

Additional references

• Network Address Translation (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=140619)
• Configuring RRAS 

Logical Thinking for Programming

Operating system

Early days when computer emerge there was programmers who write software to it. most of them were in low level languages like machine language and they were machine specific i.e. each machines software were written to it separately. Every machine use different sets of hardware and they have to handle differently so single program could not work on every machine programmers have to be written each machine separately.

These programs consist how to handle details like hardware how to send your report to printer i.e. instruction on printer how to print and sound instruction to play sound and instruction on display so they can be displayed correctly multi-tasking is a dream  they never even thought of and computers are assign single task. With the change of the hardware the software have to be change to adapt the needs of it.
Then people began to develop common platform to a compute that will manage hardware (takes care of how to handle and send instructions) and also resource management which make image of operating systems. The other software could be run on these systems depending on them so they need not to worry about the hardware or resource management tie OS did it for them. But still the OS depend on hardware and each machine have to be coded OS separately

With this things like DOS (Disk Operating system emerge) and a smart guy call bill gate had the chance to get hold of one of this he buy the system with the cording from the developer and did something miraculous, he separate the operation of hardware form the operating system so you have need not to code entire OS but the parts specifically handle that hardware which you may know now as drivers with this OS could run on multiple computers with minimum change OS are built to multi task, that is more than one process could run on single machine this is achieved by dividing time across different processes a few millisecond on process 1 and then few on process 2 then again few on 1 so on. It also handle resource management i.e. how they are shared among processes and also have mechanisms like deadlocks prevention that handle the conflicts of the resource with process. There is file manager that manage files you do not need to access hard disk directly OS do it for you so you only have to tell OS what you have to do (not how you need to do it) and OS will do it for you.

With the CLI (Command line Interface OS) we have come very far and now we have GUI(Graphical User Interface) Operating systems and many more facilities that you ever need.

for more info
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

Functions of brain by Computer Networks

Subjects I studyed at SLIIT

1st Year
Semester 1
1. Information Systems
2. Computer Fundamental
3. Mathematics for Information Technology
4. Software Technology I (Java/OOP)
5. Business English & Communication Skills
Semester 2
6. Computer Architecture
7. Data Communication & Computer Networks I (Theory)
8. Database Management System I(RDBMS - Concepts)
9. Introduction to Programming Environment (C++/UNIX)
10. Software Technology II (Data Structures Java)
2nd year
Semester 1
11. Software Engineering I (theory)
12. Data Communication & Computer Networks II (theory)
13. Internet Technology Applications
14. Systems Programming Design (Perl/CGI)
15. Probability & Statistics
Semester 2
16. Computer Graphics & Multimedia (Photoshop/Coral Draw, Moho, 3Ds Max)
17. Software Engineering II (DFD / Data Dictionary)
18. Design  & Analysis of Algorithms
19. Database Management system II (RDBMS - with systems like MS SQL Server, Sybase, Informix)
20. Information Technology Project I (2nd year Project)
3rd Year
Semester 1
21. Software Engineering III(UML)
22. Project Design & Management
23. Operating Systems (the concept of making an operating system, how operating systems do it)
24. Advanced Graphics & Visualization (How graphics work, the theory behind them. and GTK+, OpenGL Graphics Programming)
Semester 2
25. Data Communication & Computer Networks III (includes Configuring Cisco Routers and Switches)
26. Database Management System III (ORDBMS-Object-Relational Database Management System (ORCLE))
27. Distributed Computing / CORBA
28. Software Engineering Tools & Metrics
4th Year
29. Comprehensive Design & Analysis Project (4th year Project) - one year project (2 semesters)
30. IT Project Management (how to Manage IT Projects How to plan, what are risks and how to manage them, things that a Project Manager Needs to Know)
31. Artificial Neural Networks (AI)
32. Data Communication & Computer Network IV (Network Programming)
33. Parallel Computing
34. Network Security

Vector Graphics & Raster Graphics

Graphics as you know it is what we see on screen it is a way of illuminating pixels of the screen with different colors that makes a picture. When it comes to graphics there are 2 types’ vector and raster

Let’s first consider raster graphics  

They are graphics that is develop by programs like Photoshop each pixel information is saved in a file so when displayed it can be mapped to positions of the screen this is normally fast since it is 1 to 1 mapping from image pixel values to screen the draw is faster compare to vector but the drawback is it will pixelate when zoomed i.e. when you enlarge it pixels also get enlarged and begin to show them as blocks of squares

Next we have the vector graphics

They are mathematical algorithms use to draw geometrical things like lines, curves ellipse and so on so the values of the variables are kept in file and when need to display take the values and draw it using and equation like an equation for line or ellipse this method is slow compare to raster graphics since the data  need to be processed before any drawing can be made but the benefit of it is you can zoom it to  whatever the level you want, it will use a translation, rotation or scaling functions of geometry to calculate the end result. Resulting a smooth translation of the object software like illustrator use this to draw images. also 3D's Max and Maya like 3D animation software and most of the 2D animation software use these as models and Raster graphics as texture to them

Image, how it is done?

As you all know computer run on binary that is true of false, 0 or 1, presence or absence of a current so on so how a system that works on binary show images to screen the secret is in how it handles graphics itself.

 

See computer handle graphics by combining 3 different colors namely Red, Green and blue, different intensity of this create different brightness of color. In computer each of this colors a byte is allocated and it resembles the intensity of its value. so there is 1 byte for red 1 byte for green and 1 byte for blue and all together 256 X 256 X 256 colors since byte has position of 0-255 in binary all 256 colors this is known as 24-bit color since each color is represented by 24 bit 8 for red, 8 for green and 8 for blue.

When you want to display in monitor or other device for example CRT there is 3 guns that fire electrons associate with 3 colors so when you pass a color code to CRT it takes the red value and fire red gun to that intensity and get the green value and fire it in that intensity and get the blue value and fire in that intensity and combination of this intensity when hit to monitor screen display the appropriate   color

 

In LCD there are three crystals for pixel that when turn give one of each color (Red, Green or Blue) So when you pass the color code to LCD it turns it according to the value of the Red for Red crystal Blue for Blue Crystals and Green for Green Crystal

In LED there are there are 3 LED for pixel which is for Red, Green and Blue each can be lit to different intensity. When color code pass to this monitor it take the red value and lit the red to that intensity, take the green value and lit it to that intensity and take the blue value and lit is to that intensity.

 

So how and image file contain an image. Well images are consisting of set of pixels each having Red, Green and blue values they are tiny dots of a color that taken together makes a whole image. Image has width and height which defines how many pixels are across and how many from top to bottom so image file consists of two parts a header which consist the width and height of this image and also compression details if any and data part which consist of actual data that is the RGB (Red, Green & Blue) values of the pixels which stored at one after another in 3 bytes

When you say BMP image or bitmap image of color 24 this is the case, all data are row and not compressed but when it comes to GIF, JPG or PNG it is little different since the image is compressed. there are many ways to compress an image but all use same principle it uses a color pallet and use that information store data in image file

 

If you have 8-bit pallet you can have 256 positions so all together will have 256 colors which will be stored in head section of the file. In data all the colors are approximated to one of these 256 colors and now since we have only 256 colors in the image we can represent it in 1 byte that is 8 bit not 3 bytes (24 bits) so the size is reduced 3 times and if you have color value of 00000010 for data value it means it is the third color (since 00000000 is the first) of the color pallet which will store RGB Values accordingly so in third position of color table it may have color 11000010 00100000 00100000 mapped to it so get this color and use it whenever you see 00000010 at the data section which is simple. Also there are other compression algorithms like Huffman which use different methods to create color tables so altogether the size of the image is reduced greatly

so if you have a picture which consist of 800 X 600 pixels it will require 800 X 600 X 3 bytes of information to store it in raw, but by using color compression and pallets it can be reduced to 1/3-1/4 of its original size that is why GIF, JPG and PNG files are reduced in size compared to raw BMP. this method of compression is known as lossy Compression since some Colors of the image are replace to a common color so small variation of colors are removed which in turn degrade the quality of the image.

 

In compression there are two types lossy and lossless lossy is applied to images sounds and movies in this some data is approximated or removed so the size is less this degrade the quality of the image or sound but you get a compact file. The other one is lossless compression, which compress the file and can be uncompressed to original state. the programs you use zip, rar or 7 zip is of example for this.

also there are 1 bit or 2 color which is black and white, 2 bit or four color,3 bit or 8 colors and 4-bit color 8 bit and 16-bit color all use to compress an image, in 1-bit color, color is represented in one bit in data 1 or 0 in 2-bit color it is represented in 2 bits in data that is 00 01 10 11 in 4 bit there are 16 colors and so on. There is also 24 bit color images which consists of all colors RGB. These images have different way of compression in header section there are more than width and height. It consist of extra information like compression method color table if any etc…when you use 24 bit color you cannot use color tables the images data is compressed by a compression method like Huffman and the encoding table is added at the header.

 

in PNG and GIF there are transparency too that is you have an image and background is transparent or semitransparent for this to happened you need to add a transparent amount as 4 the byte so image with transparency has RGBA or RGB alpha which say how trance parent it is. Also some trans parent images have a transparent color so anything of that color will consider as transparent, for example if black is set as the transparent color then all places with black will be shown transparent. So if you have RGBA then you will have an extra alpha value so now pixel is displayed as 1 for red 1 for green 1 for blue and 1 for alpha or transparency so there is 4 bytes for that not 3 which make these image have more bytes that is why some PNG files size is more than JPG even the image is the same.

you can zip an image to compress it to send via email but it does not count as image compression some software use methods like zip to compress whole image so it can be send via email it is a different story

 

 

ASCII Fonts, how it's done?

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) what is it? Why we use it? Why every computer we buy has it? In English there are 26 letters in alphabet which can use to make many words. just like that computers work in binary so it has only two symbols and we can represent it with 1 and 0 and  every word of computer are made of it. So how can some machine using 1 and 0 can tell what is “A” and what is “B”. solution is the ASCII code see ascii table consist of 0 – 255 symbols each with 8 bit or a byte, denote a specific symbol in ascii code. so if we type 65(will be represented by binary in computer) and convert it to ascii symbol we get an “A” and as same as 97(will be represented by binary in computer) represent “a” in ascii. it is a mapping to code to a symbol so each code map to special symbol

To see how it work hold down the alt key and type the number in num pad and you will get symbols © for Alt + 0169  you can do it for all the symbols if you know the relevant code. they are inbuilt so we can type English and every computer can understand it. since it is a standard in every computer so if you have a text file which has “A” the file simply has number 65(in binary) in it and every computer has ascii table which know that 65 means symbol “A” so you take it to any computer and open it and you will see “A” a symbol which map to ascii table 65

So what is a ascii font how can we get a various styles of character? See a font file consist of a graphs of a characters, an image or drawing which is placed in one of 0 – 255 positions which resembles the ascii codes so symbol at 65 position is “A” so if you take a font file and change the symbol at position 65 to something else and type "A" you will not get “A” as symbol but the symbol you inset at the position 65, if your selected font is the one that you changed. So you can have Sinhala symbols at each of this positions in a font so if you type “a” it will be a Sinhala letter corresponding to position of ascii “a”  which is 97 so you can make 0-255 different symbols in a font file that will replace the originals to any language of your likeings not only that, symbols are jest images so you can have a image of a tree printed when you type “a”. computer does not understand it is "a" or tree it just print image corresponding to the ascii symbol that’s all

Software engineering as a carrier

Just because you own a degree or learn a programming language does not make you a programmer you need to be trained all the tips and tricks of making a software that is why most start their carrier as trainee software engineers just pass out form university and barley in the world of software you need to get help from your senior software engineer to go through your work you may make mistakes most of the time sometimes do things wrong way or in appropriate way since you have no knowledge of handling them. With experience you will gain new knowledge of how things are handle how to get by and eventually make yourself a professional software engineer

It take more than just writing a paper of java or PHP or doing assignment or practical test. You need to practice, practice, practice, it is the only way out, In you course you will get to know how to right syntax of programming language or how to debug it but it want teach you how to handle different scenarios of business logic, since you are writhing program to business it is vital that you know this or you will fail as a software engineer begin little get advice when needed. Only way to success is hard work and first thing to learning something begin by getting to know that you have little or no knowledge of it

Make most of your time, The ladder to success depend on how much you put effort to it. Creativity is most important so as logical thinking your ability to grasp ideas and implement them to software will be the key element of your success. More you practice more success you will be.

it took me years to understand the concepts and i'm still learning, got the chance to manage a small group of software team act as team leader to them some time analyzer and designer of the project helped them when they were in trouble most of them depends on me, some still is. even though I have achieve lot there are lot to learn

that was what change true explorer from rest, you explore your environment find  new tricks and easy ways of doing things more you learn more professional you get

How to face an Interview (software Engineering)

How to face an Interview (software Engineering)

• ·         Be confident of what you say
• ·         Always backup what you say with projects you done that will make them confident they will know that you are not boasting
• ·         If you have not done any commercial projects do some project as you done it to a company and make a copy to a CD and present it to the interview board if they are interested they will look over it and evaluate your  software engineering skills
• ·         Be hornets of what you say do not lie
• ·         Be friendly
• ·         You do not need to talk about what  you learn if the interviewers are professionals they already know what you learn at the university and what you don’t since they have met previous batches of your university
• ·         Show them that you have a good capacity to handle large projects and complex logic
• ·         Show them you understand the business concepts and you are able to implement them
• ·         Most of the time the interviewer will ask to pick one of your project that you are confident on and ask to draw a ER, Class Diagram or Sequence Diagram and after completing he will ask questions  from the parts that is not clear to him or prats that he see as problematic so be prepared pick the system that you are comfortable most with
• ·         Do not exaggerate things they will find out that you are lying
• ·         If you do not know something they ask  tell them that you have no knowledge of it but you could easily learn it in 2-3 weeks be confident at what you say
• ·         If you are in software development, ability to self-study and learn is a must. You should be able to google anything and should be able to lean anything as quickly as possible know that nobody knows everything and no university teach you everything your ability to learn new things will comes advantages when it comes to software development since industry is rapidly changing and you should be up to date
• ·         It does not matter to them that you have 1^st class, second class or general degree they want to know "can you do the job right?". That is the only thing matter so even if you do not have a degree and you show them your capacity they will hire you

Good Luck

Virus: Worms

Worm, the creature that all of us are familiar of.  An animal that live inside soil they dig holes into soil and live in it most of the times they construct tunnels that can enter at one position an exit in another

what is the similarity of  this with Virus Worms, well it does the same, The virus worm as you know it dig a tunnel from your machine/Server to out side. so any one can come in to your machine/Server. Most of the times it is able to penetrate firewalls since connection is initiated inside your server and firewalls are allowing that, so some one can use the tunnel that the worm has made and do some damage to your system. or spy on your servers or your activities.

Trojan Horse Viirus and web development

Trojan, according to Greek methodology City of troy is attacked by Trojans because of a dispute over a women they fort for about 20 years but the walls of troy is impenetrable after 20 years Trojans device a plan they made a large wooden horse and put some of their finest worriers inside and send a message to troy, that they have given up the war, and as a gift of troys victory. they offer this horse and all went and hid them self. the people of troy came and see that no one is there and find the note and was very happy. they pull the horse inside the gates and begin to celebrate all men took wine and other alcohol and was drunk in the mid night

when they got drunk the worriers in side the horse come out and open the gate letting rest of them to come in and to finish the drunken worriers

so how this apply to the Trojan Horse Virus well it attack in slimier fashion, it will arrive to you as a gift and you will accept it since it is a gift and when opening it will attack your system. for an example you will receive a computer game or utility program which is very useful but underneath that there will be a virus that attack your computer setting or give control of your system to another user, so while you play the game or use the utility, it will damage your system or give control to another

so how this apply to web see most of the websites today are build by popular web developing softwere like joomla or wordpress with these you get the ability to attach plugins so you can give functionality to program or make it looks better, better yet most of them are free. so some one can write a plugging and embedded a Trojan inside. plugin is nice has lot of functionality so you are bound to use it, and when you dose it will give the developer of plugin, access to the server and make a security hole so he will be able to manipulate your system through access given by plugin he will be able to upload files like php scripts or run commands linux or windows on your server(if your operating system is one of them) even delete using del command DOS or rm in linux and you will never know what happen.

Huffman Algorithem

Enlightenment & Middle Path

Enlightenment & Middle Path All over the world the people think that good & evil are two separate things and been so good will drive the evil away, but as I began to realize things, I began to search myself what is good what is evil and what separates them. Long I search I realize that they are not two but two ends of an same entity, jest as string has two ends, they exist hand to hand with each other, make one end bigger and other will follow, and make one end shorter so as the other, so how do you get rid of the evil if the good and evil exist with side by side, I was searching for an answer for many years of my times. If they both are two ends of one string how are we going to lose one end each time I try to find out I could not get an answer, and suddenly it strikes me you can’t lose one end of a string without losing the other, that is to lose one end, you have to lose the whole string itself, in order to lose evil you have not only lose evil but good itself, such a person will be no good neither evil, and he will do no good no evil, he will act on no good nor evil, no good and no evil act on him. This realize me of one thing one thing that we all was thought from our child hood the teaching of lord Buddha himself the enlightenment & the Middle Path, which many try to find. Is this what he talk about what middle path is, it is not a path between middle of good and evil but a path with no good and no evil, And men who achieve it will see things as it is. He will see the continuation of life flow of nature and many things, more you hang on to one end the other will hang on to you. So giving up both of them will make you free of everything. Free to feel the world from all earthly things, things that the mere mortal will never understands, I wish I would know.

Visual Basic 6.0

Analog to Digital & wise Versa

Man Vs Computer

Inventory Control System

මනස හා එහි ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය

කවුරුන් හෝ ඇසුව හොත් මේලෝකයේ භයානකම ආයුධය කුමක්ද යන්න බොහෝ දෙනාගේ පිලිතුරවන්නේ න්‍යෂ්ට්ක බෝම්බ, ජෛව රසායනික ආයුධ, සමහර පර්යේශණ වලින් නිපදවා ඇතැයි කියන ජාන විකෘත්ති කරණ ලද බැක්ටීරියා වෛරස් ලෙස පිලිතුරු ලැබෙනු ඇත.

නමුත් මාගේ මතයනම් මේ ලෝකයේ පවතින භයානකම ආයුධය වන්නේ මිනිස් මනසයි. මක් නිසාදයත් එම මිනිස් මනස අද නොපැවතියානමි ඉහත කී කිසිදු භයානක ආයුධ අපට දක්නට නොලැබෙන බැවිනි.

අපි මනසේ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය සොයාබලමු. බටහිර විද්‍යාවට අනුව එය ප්‍ර‍ධාන වශයෙන් කොටස් දෙකකි එනම් conscious mind,subconscious mind (පියවි සිහිය ඇති කොටස හා පියවි සිහියට යටින් ඇති කොටස) ලෙසයි බුද්ධ ධර්මය අනුව මනස චෛතිසිකයන් ගෙන් ගොඩනැගුනු දෙයක් ලෙස විග්‍ර‍හ කරණ අතර එහි විවිධ චිත්ත පරමිපරා ඇතිවීම නැති වීම ගැන දේශණාකරයි. එලෙසම විවිද සිත් පවතින බව දේශනාකරන අතර මිනිසුන්ගේ සිතුවිලි අනුව ඒවා වෙනස් වන බව කතාකරයි.

බෞද්ධ මතයෙන් ටිකක් බැහැරව මම එය බටහිර මනොවිද්‍යාවට අනුව විග්‍ර‍හයක් මෙහිදී කිරීමට බලාපොරත්තු වෙමි. මක්නිසාදයත් බොහෝ අය එය වරදවා තේරුම් ගෙන ඇති බවයි මාගේ මතයයි.

බටහිර විද්‍යාවට අනුව මනසේ පියවිසිහිය ඇති කොටස අපගේ එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයේ ක්‍රියාවන් පාලනය කරනවා අපි හිතන පතන දෑ දවසේ කරණ ක්‍රියාවන් පාලනය වන්නේ මෙයින්.

නමුත් පියවි සිහියට නොමැතිව ඇති කොටස ඒය ගැන අද්‍යනය කිරීම හා විග්‍ර‍හය මදක් අපහසුයි බටහිර විද්‍යාවට අනුව මෙම කොටසේ මිනිසුන් සාංසාරිකව කල හොද නරක මෙන්ම උපයාගත් දේ ද තැම්පත් වී තිබෙනවා යම් කෙනෙකුට මෙම කොටසට ඇතුල්වීමට හැකිනමි ඔහුගේ ආත්ම වල උපයාගත් දේ අනුව ඔහුට බොහෝ දේ නැවත ලබාගත හැකියි.

උදාහරණයක් ලෙස මම එඩ්ගා කේසි ගෙන දෙන්නමි. ඔහු අවු 5000 කට පෙර විසූ ඉතා බලගතු පූජකයෙක් වෙනවා ඔහු යම් කෙනෙක් ඔහු වෙත පැමිණිවිට ස්වං මොහනය මගින් තමන් ගේ මනස අර අවු 5000 ට කලින් තිබූ තත්වයට රුගෙන යනවා. පසුව එම මනසින් ඔහු දෙස බලා ඔබ ඉහත ආත්මයකදී මෙවැනි ක්‍රියා සිදු කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඔබගේ අද තත්වය උදාවී අතිබවත් එවා යෙන් මිදීමට ජීවිතය කෙසේ වෙනස් කරගතයුතුද යන්න පිලිබදව පැහැදිලිකර දෙනලදි.

ඇත්තටම කියනවානම් බටහිර මනෝවිද්‍යාවට අනුව සිත් කියවීම "අති ඉන්ද්‍රීය ඥාණය" (ESP- Extra Sensory Perception) වැනි දේ මිනිසුන්ට කිරීමට හැකියාව ලැබෙන්නේ ඔවුන්ගෙ මෙම යටි සිත ඉතා ශක්තිමත් වූ විටයි. බුදු දහමට අනුව මට එය ව්ග්‍ර‍හ කිරීම අපහසුයි එහ හරියට අපගේ මනසට යටින් භවාංග ගතවී ඇති හිතක් ලෙස හදුන්වන්න පුලුවන්

ඇත්තටම මනස යනු ඉතා අරුම පුදුම වස්තුවකි එය කොපමන උගෙන ගැනීමට උත්සහ කරත් එහි නිමක් නොමැති බවයි පෙනී යන්නේ.

මෙම වස්තුවට කොපමන හැකියාවක් බලයක් තිබේද යන්න එය නිතර භාවිතාකරන ඔබවත් නො දන්නවා වෙන්න පුලුවන්. ඇත්තට ම බොහෝ පොත්වල දක්වන්නේ මනස ඔබේ සර්ව බලධාරී දෙවියා බවයි. ඇත්තටම කියනවා නමි එය එසේමයි. ඔබ යමක්දැඩිව විස්වාස කලහොත් යමක් ඔබට ලැබෙන බව හැගුන හොත් එසේවනබව ඔබද දැනී තිබෙනවාද? ඇත්තටම ඔවු ඔබේ මනස ඔබ ඉල්ලන ඕනැම දෙයක් ඔබට දෙන්න ලැස්තියි. ඔබ විභාගයක් සමත්වන බව දැඩිලෙස විස්වාස කරන්න. එවිට ඔබේ මනස එම විභාගය සමත්වීම සදහා ඔබ සුදානම් කරාවි ඔබට විනාඩියක්වත් නිකරුනේ කාලය ගත කිරීමට නොසිතේවි සැම මොහොතකම පාඩම් කිරීමට හිතේවේ. ඔබේ සිත ඔබව ක්‍ර‍ම ක්‍ර‍ම යෙන් ඒ දෙසට යොමුකරාවි.

ඒකයි මිනිසුන් පවසන්නේ විස්වාසයට විශාල බලයක් ඇතිබව, බොහෝවිට ඔබ අසාඇති මම ඒක විස්වාස කලා ඒක ඒවිධිහටම උනා යන්න. එසේ වන්නේ ඔබව යම් දෙවියෙක් හෝ යක්ෂයෙක් මෙහෙයවන නිසා නොවේ ඔබ එය දැඩිව විශ්වාෂකරනවිට ඔබගේ මනස ඒ දෙය කිරීමට ඔබව පෙලබවන නිසා ඇත්තටම ඔබව මෙහෙයවන දෙවියා හෝ යක්ෂයා ඔබගේ සිතයි.

 මා අසා තිබෙනවා කිතුනු ආගමහි පවසනවා ඔබට දෙවියන් කෙරෙහි අබ ඇටයක් තරම්වත් විශ්වාසයක් ඇත්නම් ගස මෙතනින් ගොස් මුහුද මැද පැලවෙවයි පැවසුව හොත් එය එසේවන බව ඇත්තටම එයින් පවසන්නේ විස්වාසයේ ඇති බලයයි. තවද ඔබ බෝධිපූජා වැනි වතාවත් කර තමන් ගේ දැන් පවතින තත්වයන් මිදිය හැකියයි කල්පනාකර එය කරයි නමි. එය දැඩිව විස්වාස කරයි නමි. එය එසේම වෙනවා. මොකද ඔබ යම් දෙයක් විශ්වාස කරන විට ඔබගේ මනස එය ඔබට ඉටුකරගැනීමට උදවු වෙනවා. මෙය සමහර රොගීතත්වයන් සුව කිරීම් වලදී ද යොදාගන්න වා. රොගීයාට දෙන බෙහෙත් වලින් ගුනයක් ඇති බව ඒත්තු ගැන්වීම මගින් සමහර රෝග ඉබෙම සුව කිරීමට හැකි බවට අද පර්යේෂණ මට්ටමින් පවතිනවා. ඔවුන්ට විටමින් පෙතිවැනි බෙහෙත් නිර්දේශකර එය තම රෝගය නිට්ටාවට ම සුවවන බව රෝගීයාට ඒත්තු ගැන්වුවිට ඔවුන් ඉබෙම සුවවන බවට පර්යේශන මගින් අද ඔප්පුවී පවතිනවා. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo මෙය ප්ලසීබෝ(Placebo) effect ලෙස වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේදි හදුන්වනු ලබනවා. (http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/treatmenttypes/placebo-effect)

ඒකයි අපේ පැරැන්නෝ කිවුවේ හිත ඇත්නම් පත කුඩාද කියලා. ඇත්තටම එය අපූරු වස්තුවක් ඒවගේම ඔබගේ මෙම දෙවියා ඔබ ඉල්ලන දේ ලබා දෙනවා එබැවින් ඔබ පරිස්සම් ව්ය යුතුයි. ඔබ ඔබට නුසුදුසු දෙයක් ඉල්ලුවහොත් ඔබගේ මේ දෙවියා ඔබට එය නිසකවම ලබා දෙන බැවින් එබැවින් තමන් දැඩිව විස්වාස කරණ දේගැන ප්‍රවේසම්වන්න මොකද එය නපුරු චේතනාවකින් කරන එකක්නම් ඔබටද ඔබවටා ඉන්න අයවලුන්ටද මහා විනාශයකට මග පාදනුඇත.