Subjects I studyed at SLIIT

1st Year
Semester 1
1. Information Systems
2. Computer Fundamental
3. Mathematics for Information Technology
4. Software Technology I (Java/OOP)
5. Business English & Communication Skills
Semester 2
6. Computer Architecture
7. Data Communication & Computer Networks I (Theory)
8. Database Management System I(RDBMS - Concepts)
9. Introduction to Programming Environment (C++/UNIX)
10. Software Technology II (Data Structures Java)
2nd year
Semester 1
11. Software Engineering I (theory)
12. Data Communication & Computer Networks II (theory)
13. Internet Technology Applications
14. Systems Programming Design (Perl/CGI)
15. Probability & Statistics
Semester 2
16. Computer Graphics & Multimedia (Photoshop/Coral Draw, Moho, 3Ds Max)
17. Software Engineering II (DFD / Data Dictionary)
18. Design  & Analysis of Algorithms
19. Database Management system II (RDBMS - with systems like MS SQL Server, Sybase, Informix)
20. Information Technology Project I (2nd year Project)
3rd Year
Semester 1
21. Software Engineering III(UML)
22. Project Design & Management
23. Operating Systems (the concept of making an operating system, how operating systems do it)
24. Advanced Graphics & Visualization (How graphics work, the theory behind them. and GTK+, OpenGL Graphics Programming)
Semester 2
25. Data Communication & Computer Networks III (includes Configuring Cisco Routers and Switches)
26. Database Management System III (ORDBMS-Object-Relational Database Management System (ORCLE))
27. Distributed Computing / CORBA
28. Software Engineering Tools & Metrics
4th Year
29. Comprehensive Design & Analysis Project (4th year Project) - one year project (2 semesters)
30. IT Project Management (how to Manage IT Projects How to plan, what are risks and how to manage them, things that a Project Manager Needs to Know)
31. Artificial Neural Networks (AI)
32. Data Communication & Computer Network IV (Network Programming)
33. Parallel Computing
34. Network Security

Vector Graphics & Raster Graphics

Graphics as you know it is what we see on screen it is a way of illuminating pixels of the screen with different colors that makes a picture. When it comes to graphics there are 2 types’ vector and raster

Let’s first consider raster graphics  

They are graphics that is develop by programs like Photoshop each pixel information is saved in a file so when displayed it can be mapped to positions of the screen this is normally fast since it is 1 to 1 mapping from image pixel values to screen the draw is faster compare to vector but the drawback is it will pixelate when zoomed i.e. when you enlarge it pixels also get enlarged and begin to show them as blocks of squares

Next we have the vector graphics

They are mathematical algorithms use to draw geometrical things like lines, curves ellipse and so on so the values of the variables are kept in file and when need to display take the values and draw it using and equation like an equation for line or ellipse this method is slow compare to raster graphics since the data  need to be processed before any drawing can be made but the benefit of it is you can zoom it to  whatever the level you want, it will use a translation, rotation or scaling functions of geometry to calculate the end result. Resulting a smooth translation of the object software like illustrator use this to draw images. also 3D's Max and Maya like 3D animation software and most of the 2D animation software use these as models and Raster graphics as texture to them

Image, how it is done?

As you all know computer run on binary that is true of false, 0 or 1, presence or absence of a current so on so how a system that works on binary show images to screen the secret is in how it handles graphics itself.

 

See computer handle graphics by combining 3 different colors namely Red, Green and blue, different intensity of this create different brightness of color. In computer each of this colors a byte is allocated and it resembles the intensity of its value. so there is 1 byte for red 1 byte for green and 1 byte for blue and all together 256 X 256 X 256 colors since byte has position of 0-255 in binary all 256 colors this is known as 24-bit color since each color is represented by 24 bit 8 for red, 8 for green and 8 for blue.

When you want to display in monitor or other device for example CRT there is 3 guns that fire electrons associate with 3 colors so when you pass a color code to CRT it takes the red value and fire red gun to that intensity and get the green value and fire it in that intensity and get the blue value and fire in that intensity and combination of this intensity when hit to monitor screen display the appropriate   color

 

In LCD there are three crystals for pixel that when turn give one of each color (Red, Green or Blue) So when you pass the color code to LCD it turns it according to the value of the Red for Red crystal Blue for Blue Crystals and Green for Green Crystal

In LED there are there are 3 LED for pixel which is for Red, Green and Blue each can be lit to different intensity. When color code pass to this monitor it take the red value and lit the red to that intensity, take the green value and lit it to that intensity and take the blue value and lit is to that intensity.

 

So how and image file contain an image. Well images are consisting of set of pixels each having Red, Green and blue values they are tiny dots of a color that taken together makes a whole image. Image has width and height which defines how many pixels are across and how many from top to bottom so image file consists of two parts a header which consist the width and height of this image and also compression details if any and data part which consist of actual data that is the RGB (Red, Green & Blue) values of the pixels which stored at one after another in 3 bytes

When you say BMP image or bitmap image of color 24 this is the case, all data are row and not compressed but when it comes to GIF, JPG or PNG it is little different since the image is compressed. there are many ways to compress an image but all use same principle it uses a color pallet and use that information store data in image file

 

If you have 8-bit pallet you can have 256 positions so all together will have 256 colors which will be stored in head section of the file. In data all the colors are approximated to one of these 256 colors and now since we have only 256 colors in the image we can represent it in 1 byte that is 8 bit not 3 bytes (24 bits) so the size is reduced 3 times and if you have color value of 00000010 for data value it means it is the third color (since 00000000 is the first) of the color pallet which will store RGB Values accordingly so in third position of color table it may have color 11000010 00100000 00100000 mapped to it so get this color and use it whenever you see 00000010 at the data section which is simple. Also there are other compression algorithms like Huffman which use different methods to create color tables so altogether the size of the image is reduced greatly

so if you have a picture which consist of 800 X 600 pixels it will require 800 X 600 X 3 bytes of information to store it in raw, but by using color compression and pallets it can be reduced to 1/3-1/4 of its original size that is why GIF, JPG and PNG files are reduced in size compared to raw BMP. this method of compression is known as lossy Compression since some Colors of the image are replace to a common color so small variation of colors are removed which in turn degrade the quality of the image.

 

In compression there are two types lossy and lossless lossy is applied to images sounds and movies in this some data is approximated or removed so the size is less this degrade the quality of the image or sound but you get a compact file. The other one is lossless compression, which compress the file and can be uncompressed to original state. the programs you use zip, rar or 7 zip is of example for this.

also there are 1 bit or 2 color which is black and white, 2 bit or four color,3 bit or 8 colors and 4-bit color 8 bit and 16-bit color all use to compress an image, in 1-bit color, color is represented in one bit in data 1 or 0 in 2-bit color it is represented in 2 bits in data that is 00 01 10 11 in 4 bit there are 16 colors and so on. There is also 24 bit color images which consists of all colors RGB. These images have different way of compression in header section there are more than width and height. It consist of extra information like compression method color table if any etc…when you use 24 bit color you cannot use color tables the images data is compressed by a compression method like Huffman and the encoding table is added at the header.

 

in PNG and GIF there are transparency too that is you have an image and background is transparent or semitransparent for this to happened you need to add a transparent amount as 4 the byte so image with transparency has RGBA or RGB alpha which say how trance parent it is. Also some trans parent images have a transparent color so anything of that color will consider as transparent, for example if black is set as the transparent color then all places with black will be shown transparent. So if you have RGBA then you will have an extra alpha value so now pixel is displayed as 1 for red 1 for green 1 for blue and 1 for alpha or transparency so there is 4 bytes for that not 3 which make these image have more bytes that is why some PNG files size is more than JPG even the image is the same.

you can zip an image to compress it to send via email but it does not count as image compression some software use methods like zip to compress whole image so it can be send via email it is a different story